The prevalence of substance use on children Research Paper

The pervasiveness of substance use on kids - Research Paper Example In a 2003 national review, half of all seniors’ in secondary school announced they had a go at ingesting illegal medications at any rate once. It was additionally uncovered that 41% of understudies in tenth grade and 23% of those in eighth grade had attempted medications that were unlawful (U.S. Division of Health and Human Services, 2007). Such discoveries are stressing on the grounds that substance use is related with a few negative results, for example, scholastic issues, physical animosity, formative issues, reprobate and criminal conduct and medical issues in the long haul (Buu et. al, 2009). What's more, kids who form into interminable substance clients will undoubtedly encounter social or mental issues. The review additionally demonstrated that 41 to 65% of people with consistent lifetime substance misuse are inclined to having in any event one psychological well-being issue. Around 51% of those people with at least one lifetime psychological wellness issue additionally had a consistent lifetime history of substance use issue (Doweiko, 2009). It was discovered that the 15 to multi year mature age section had the most elevated rates (U.S. Branch of Health and Human Services, 2007). Substance use is arranged as being not the same as substance misuse. The American Psychiatric Association characterizes substance malt reatment as an example of substance utilize that shows itself through noteworthy and intermittent unfavorable outcomes that are identified with redundant substance use. There are different components that expansion the hazard for substance use among the young. A portion of the reasons for substance use incorporate misconduct, saw substance use by peers, low family pride and family substance use issues. An investigation done in 2009 found that substance use by guardians, financial status of the family, family versatility, precariousness in neighborhood living arrangement and continuous change in neighborhood set kids at the hazard for creating substance use issue. Youth with psychological well-being issue too

Uber Taxi Service in Brisbane and Australia

Question: Depict the about Uber taxi administration in Brisbane and Australia? Answer: 1. Presentation Fojut (2011) recognized that ride-sourcing, taxi administrations or rides are the quickest developing interest. In any case, Schaeffer (2008) opined that taxi administration in Australia assumes the significant job as far as moving framework. As indicated by the taxi administrators of Australia, they gave 365 days, 24 hours administration to individuals in a year. In any case, taxi administrator on request that they are offering entryway to-entryway taxi administration to the individuals of Australia. Aside from that, Stange et al. (2010) contended in rustic zone taxis are the primary media of transport in Australia. In Australia, it is viably evident that conurbations and periphery rural areas encompassing the significant urban communities where the low thickness in travel administration. (a) Research Background In nowadays are current days. Consequently, greater part of administration that intently relate with the human way of life being digitalized. This most recent rising pattern likewise includes in transport industry. It has been recognized that transport industry offers support dependent on request from web portable application. Uber taxi administration comes clench hand that influence propels with the new rising innovation inside their administration (Uber.com, 2015). Be that as it may, Uber confronted numerous rivalries from contenders, for example, Lyft regarding keeping up consistency alongside the holding up time from the perspective of transport. Ridesharing guarantee is the significant issue in transport administration of Uber in Brisbane in Australia. In this manner, ride sourcing is the most fitting arrangements concerning ridesharing issue. Xu Dessouky (2014) refered to that arrangements of web portable application based vehicle, for example, ride-sourcing is the straight have that pushed present approaches alongside systems, for example, formed at the specific taxi advertise, perfect administrative with respect to boosting asks, and so forth. Kisaalita Sentongo-Kibalama (2007) noticed that the administration of cab likely populate that played the specific motivation behind essentially riding. Because of restricted asset and some monopolistic strategies, cab administration unfit to offer their types of assistance in somewhere in the range of barely any areas inside the nation of Australia. Aside from that, cab administration gets top notch issue comparable to consistency. Ride-sourcing arrangement speaks to the out of line ridicule strategies and lift blockage on high occasions just as track customers alongside the danger of exposure. It comprehends that ride sourcing isn't other or unexpected help in comparison to cab administration as far as transport media. So as to improve ride-sourcing support and check the negative externalities, strategies are required. Radcliffe (2010) contended that so as to improve the administrations of ride-sourcing, legislature of Australia needs to go along their approaches that entitled cab administration industry guards. (b) Research Aim The point of this examination is to distinguish and comprehend Uber taxi administration inside the nation of Australia. In light of ID give suggestion that improve adaptability and consistency in transport administration giving in Brisbane and Australia. (c) Research Objectives To distinguish client encounters on ride-sourcing administration of Uber in Australia; To comprehend ridesharing guarantees of Uber administration from the perspective of transport. To give suggestion that improves consistency and adaptability in administration inside urban communities. (d) Research Questions How ride sourcing and burdening contrast in regard with trip types? What is ridesharing guarantees of Uber administration in Australia from the perspective of transport? How Uber improve adaptability and consistency in transport administration inside the distinctive piece of Australia? (e) Rationale of Research This exploration is chosen since dominant part of individuals in this cutting edge days interest for advanced assistance. In this manner, on request of individuals this exploration study is chosen dependent on recognizing issues of transport administration in Australia and utilization of new innovation of web versatile application for booking taxi administration. Not many rural areas move starting with one spot then onto the next in Brisbane. Along these lines, this investigation dissect the business depiction or related issue in utilizing portable application in Brisbane where online versatile application shows up high number of ride-sourcing excursions and potential respondents. (f) Research Structure This exploration has made a short depiction of in general themes, consequently it is conceivable to comprehend and watched the chose subject in detail way. Be that as it may, this examination contain five distinctive section, for example, Section 1: Introduction In this part scientist gives a subtleties diagram adjoin chosen point. Give the points and goals of research alongside the examination questions. In this piece of study, dissect the business portrayal of cab administration at Australia in short way. Part 2: Literature Review Principle motivation behind this part in look into study is the conversation of hypotheses and idea identified with taxi administration in Australia particularly the Uber administration in Brisbane. In this part, analyst assesses related speculations, for example, approaches of taxi administration, administrative hindrances, ticket admission of Uber cab administration, and so forth. Section 3: Research Methodology In inquire about examination, this part helps in increasing better an incentive from gathered optional information identified with chosen investigate theme. As a section in investigate theme, look into technique gives managing way that helps in driving better examination for the chose point. Aside from that, inquire about system helps in creating reasonable outcome from wide anger whenever accumulated data. Research reasoning, plan, and approach strategy helps in better dissecting of gathered information with appropriate support. Section 4: Data investigation and conversation This section manages the conversation of gathered information by means of plan of meeting as far as gathering essential information. Section 5: Conclusions and Recommendations This part gives a finish of in general research theme and based. Distinguish issues of Uber taxi specialist co-ops in Brisbane. In light of the distinguishing proof give suggestion that will decide achievement level of Uber taxi administration in Brisbane. (g) Summary This part summed up brief diagram about assistance of Australia particularly the vehicle administration that give by Uber cab gathering. Point of the examination is portrayed appropriately and goals are referenced with clear proof for lead the investigation. Aside from that, in this part clarified the explanation of determination of this examination and gave a concise structure of generally speaking thesis. 2. Writing Review (an) Introduction Writing audit is the part that manages related hypotheses and models. Taxi administration of Australia assumes the one of a kind job as far as moving starting with one spot then onto the next. Be that as it may, maneuvers in Australia increment the expectation for everyday comforts of shipping and as of late digitalized their framework versatile application dependent on interest for booking taxi administration. Aside from that, in transport administration in Australia it has been additionally distinguished that taxi are the normal and just the vehicle of transport in country territory. Bai Wang (2012) contended that taxi administration increment the business prospect of Australia. Subsequently, this specific section of the examination solidly center around investigating related data to Uber taxi administration in Brisbane and Australia. (b) Australian Taxi Industry Association Casey Tayli (2012) contended that taxi industry of Australia (Australian Taxi Industry Association) is the national top from the perspective of taxi industry in Australia. In the agent assemblages of taxi industry in Australia, a few regions contain. Following table exhibits the agent groups of Australian taxi industry Taxi Council Queensland Canberra Taxi Industry Association Victorian Taxi Association Taxi Council South Australia New South Wales Taxi Industry Association Taxi Council of Northern Territory Taxi Council of Western Australia Table 1: Australia Taxi Service(Source: Fojut, 2012, pp-3) Aside from that, as per the Australia Taxi Industry Association, there are a few occupations just as huge fragment inside the taxi administration industry, for example, taxi administrators, cabbies, organize for dispatch organizations and taxi booking, taxi permit proprietor, and so on (Baird, 2011). As indicated by Australia Taxi Industry Association, in every year in excess of 20000 cabs move starting with one spot then onto the next inside the nation and they conveys in excess of 35 million travelers. Aside from that, Australian Taxi Industry Association likewise requests that they give part of business openings legitimately. They give chance to land position in excess of 75000 individuals in every year. (c) Policy Developments Doris et al. (2009) recognized that in Australian transportation development began to incorporate outpace arrangement. In 2012, during the hour of propelling ride-sourcing administration, this advancement in transportation got clear. The administration of Australia set standard in that manner where taxi industry or any transportation segment need to comprehend formal lacking and definitions about the wellbeing of open and different effects that identified with transport (Fojut, 2012). The approach creator constrained another help that named ridesharing so as to keep up the lacking and formal definitions as far as transportation. Moreover, (2007) opined that Uber needs to pay $20000 for unlawful tasks in transportation administration. In 2013, California Public Utilities Communities Commission grew new class for helping traveler through engine vehicle that named Transportation Network Companies (TNC). As indicated by the individual from California Public Utilities Communities Commission, the new planned framework permits the traveler for remuneration utilizing the versatile based application administration online that legitimately associated with the drivers alongside their own traveler and vehicles. Guillotin-Plantard Schott (2006) refered to that, transportation specialist co-ops needs to take the authorization as indicated by the n

College Essay Topic #1 7 Essay Tips for Writing a College Application Essay About Your Grandmother

College Essay Topic #1 7 Essay Tips for Writing a College Application Essay About Your Grandmother One of the most popular topics for the college application essay is “My grandmother.”   If you are planning to write an essay about your grandmother, you have a challenge ahead of you. How will you make your essay stand out amongst all the other grandmother essays? How will you make the admissions committee remember your essay and not just yawn over it? Here are some essential tips to write a college application essay about grandma: 1.             Focus on you, not on your grandmother.     When you wrote your first grade school essay about grandma, it was all about grandma.   Now its gotta be all about you. Write about your experience, your thoughts, and your opinions as they relate to your grandmother. 2.             If you find you have written more than one sentence in a row that is all about your grandmother instead of about you, add the word “I” or “me” to at least one of the sentences! 3.             Use very specific examples of conversations you had with your grandmother.   That way you can’t possibly write the same essay someone else has written. 4.             Know your starting point and ending point, and show growth. Perhaps your grandma used to give you help and advice, and now that you are older you have become her advisor.   Perhaps you used to judge certain things as negative that you now see as positive.   Or maybe you didn’t understand something as a young child that you now understand. Any growth or changes of perspective are great to write about. 5.             Keep it real.   Although a certain amount of description is necessary, if you get overly flowery with your language you’ll lose the reader’s attention. 6.             Consider writing about an object or activity that is related to your grandmother, but isn’t directly your grandmother. For instance, let’s say your grandma was a gardener.   You could write about an aspect of gardening as your theme, so your grandmother would be part of the essay but not the sole focus.   Grandma may have taught you about gardening and you may have used some of those lessons in other parts of your life.  Your essay would then be about gardening as a metaphor. 7.             Want to write about grandpa instead?   He’s less popular but the same principles apply. For examples of successful college essays, The Essay Expert recommends Accepted!   50 Successful College Admissions Essays by Gen and Kelly Tanabe. Still not sure how to write a great college application essay about your grandma (or grandpa)?   Contact The Essay Expert for a FREE 15 minute consultation.

Refugees and Refugee Crises Some Historical Reflections - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 695 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Refugees Essay Did you like this example? In the United States, many people believe refugees and asylum seekers came for the same reason as immigrants, but they dont. A refugee is a person who is forced to leave their home country due to the violence and persecution experienced and was recognized by the United Nations, while an asylum seeker has to go through the process so that they can be able to qualify as a refugee. (Tonin) An immigrant is a person who permanently came to the United States for economic reasons, such as finding jobs and supporting their child to have the education. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Refugees and Refugee Crises: Some Historical Reflections" essay for you Create order Refugees pursue a safe place to live until it is safe for them to return back to their country. In recent years, refugees have become an important political and humanitarian issue. The early history of refugees began after World War II when the Europeans were forced to leave their country because of the disaster after the war. In 1948, the United States passed the Displaced Person Act to help millions of the Europeans who lost their homes; the act expired in 1952. The Refugee Act of 1980 was created in response to the large influx of refugees from the Southeast Asia crisis. The goal of the act was to organize the entry and resettlement of refugees. (Gale) In 1990, the Soviet Union collapsed which cause more refugees to flee to the U.S. Refugees today are coming from Syria due to the Syrian Civil War after the terrorist attack from September 11, 2001. (Bump) During the 2016 presidential campaign, President Trump made a promise to his supporters to decrease the number of refugees that entered the United States. In accordance to his promises made during the election, the Trump administration has shut down twenty refugee resettlement offices and decreased the operations at forty other offices.(Marshall) In January of 2017, President Trump signed the executive order to suspend the U.S. resettlement of Syrian refugees and delayed people who were traveling from seven major banned Muslim countries. Later in March of 2017, President Trump signed the new executive order that would replace the old one, allowing Syrian refugees to enter the United States and removing Iraq from the seven major Muslim countries that were banned. (Gale) The administration believes that their policies would prevent them from letting terrorists into the United States, policies based on concerns from the September 11, 2001 attack. But, according to Libertarian Cato Inst itute in 2016, the odds of the Americans being attacked by refugees is only 1 in 3.64 billion, which means there were few terrorist attacks happening in the United States. (Bump) According to the population statistics of 2016 from the United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees, about sixteen and a half million refugees were eligible to enter to the United States. But today in the United States, the government will accept no more than 30,000 refugees per year. (Bump) Having numerous refugees affect U.S. citizens, because most of the citizens believe that having refugees could cause terrorist attack due to Trumps concern from the September 11 attack or the refugees are taking their jobs away from them. Other citizens believed that the refugee need help due to the problems happening in their home country. Citizens who believed in having less amount of refugee feel safe, while others citizens would like to learn more about the problems that the refugees are going through. Tonin, James. Asylum. Immigration and Migration: In Context, edited by Thomas Riggs and Kathleen J. Edgar, vol. 1, Gale, 2018, pp. 55-60. In Context Series. Opposing Viewpoints in Context, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3662200022/OVIC?u=cclc_sacsid=OVICxid=1dce1981. Accessed 2 Oct. 2018. Refugees in the United States. Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, Gale, 2017. Opposing Viewpoints in Context, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/NZWIMZ961112903/OVIC?u=cclc_sacsid=OVICxid=70ed1e5b. Accessed 2 Oct. 2018. Marshall, P. (2018, June 26). Refugee crisis. CQ researcher. Retrieved from https://library.cqpress.com/ https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/statistics/country/5a8ee0387/unhcr-statistical-yearbook-2016-16th-edition.html https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/refugees-and-asylees-united-states Smith, Patricia. Trumps travel ban. New York Times Upfront, 13 Mar. 2017, p. 6+. Opposing Viewpoints in Context, https://link.galegroup.com.ezproxy.losrios.edu/apps/doc/A490622699/OVIC?u=cclc_sacsid=OVICxid=428d8bb9. Accessed 3 Oct. 2018.

Success of Black Americans In The Civil Right Period Of...

During the period of 20 years between 1950 and 1970, black Americans were able to improve their level of civil rights. Therefore, it is logical to say that they were at least partly successful in achieving their civil rights. This was accomplished through a variety of ways, two commonly used techniques being legal strategies and non-violent direct action. However, because they were unable to attain complete equality, there must have been factors that worked against the civil rights movement. One of these factors was the use of violence as a means of protest. Legal strategies contributed greatly to the amount of success that the Civil Rights movement achieved. This was for several reasons, one of the main ones being that they provided†¦show more content†¦This obviously then means that legal cases and strategies led to successes in many areas, such as education and transportation that ultimately contributed to the overall success of the Black American Civil Rights Movement. Non-violent direct action also provided an avenue for success in black American’s struggle to achieve equality in terms of civil rights. This was because non-violent direct action had a two fold effect: it pressured organisations to reduce or completely abolish their level of segregation and it gained support from people, especially those who were undecided on the issue of civil rights. The pressure that non-violent protests put upon companies and organisations can be very easily seen during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. During this protest, many of the black customers of the public buses refrained from using them, resulting in the bus businesses losing 75% of their market. This,obviously, meant a 75% loss in profits, something that the companies could not tolerate without going bankrupt or at least being very financially shaken. This lead to the companies, after the afore mentioned Browder v. Gayle (1956) case, to give in to the black protesters and allow integration. Their re action to the Supreme Court decision however may not have been the same had they not been faced with financial ruin. This would suggest then thatShow MoreRelatedCivil Right Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesWar in each decade from the 1950s-1980s and discuss how the item you selected affected America at home as well. Last, discuss when and why the Cold War ended. 2. Discuss the origins of the Vietnam War, the course of the war over thirty years in the 1940s, and wars impact on the United States, both at home and in terms of foreign policy. 3. Write an essay on the civil rights movement since 1953 in which you discuss the major factors that have contributed to its success and its major gains. Be sureRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The United States1668 Words   |  7 PagesThe civil rights movement in the USA in the 1950’s and 1960’s.can be termed as a democratic movement. The basic reason behind this was the discrimination of the African-Americans that were enslaved and did not have citizen rights. The African-Americans protested greatly against their injustice. The birth of the civil rights movement was before the 1954 Supreme Court’s decision on Brown versus Board of Education (Topeka) which stated that separate but equal schools was against the Constitution. FromRead MoreThe Struggle For Civil Rights Movement906 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Blacks had struggled for their freedom in Mississippi since the earliest days of slavery and continue to fight for their fights as citizens down to th e present.† (423) John Dittmer’s Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi uncovers the origins of black suffrage within the state and continues through the historic Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s in America. While many books have been written on this topic, Local People tells a different story. Rather than focusingRead MoreThe Americas and Its Revolutionary Experience1768 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1960’s and 1970’s were one of the most important periods of America’s social history. This golden age era was one where economic expansion occurred. Living standards increased, the gross national product doubled, and the ordinary working class saw their wages rise. Suburbanization continued occurring. Towns such as Levittown were being built and more middle-class Americans were buying their own homes. Consumerism fever took hold of everyone. Most homes had a television and other amenities. FortunatelyRead MoreWho Is Nina Si mone?1444 Words   |  6 Pagesculture however, is the ability of its participants to share their personal experiences to audiences than can both empathize and relate to the realities these artists present. This extended period of the civil rights and black power era can arguably be defined as the mobilization of the larger public by popular black figures whose individual charismas and drive inspired collective action. Some of these figures were exclusively political, many of which prominent intellects of race academia and/or knownRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement1708 Words   |  7 PagesThe civil rights movement comprised efforts of grassroots activists and national leaders to obtain for African Americans the basic rights guaranteed to American citizens in the Constitution. The key players in succeeding with the civil rights movement were the soldiers returning from the war, Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the anti-Vietnam War activists. During the civil rights movement, nearly every African American had experiencedRead MoreThe American Civil Rights Era1149 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Civil Rights Era of the late 1950s through the early 1970s brought social change on a scale not experienced in the country since the Civil War. The previously iron pillars of racial segregation, overt patriarchy, and rejection of alternative forms of sexual expression had been withered away by court rulings, academia, the mass media, and societal unrest. For the groups that had experienced open and accepted oppression under these previously unchallenged norms, this was no doubt a causeRead MoreEssay on Soul Music1493 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience, mainly life, music speaks to us because it comes from us. Everyone in the, paradigm of the human experience instinctively and systematically change the music of the past to represent the realities of the present. In this century, African American music, more specifically Soul music, has been the music that has brought to plain view evidences of our humanities – hope, hurt, joy and passion – in such a way that the world has no other choice than to feel its power and marvel in its brillianceRead MoreA SELECTION OF PAST AP U.S. FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS:3529 Words   |  15 PagesQUESTIONS: Part 1: Colonial Period to Civil War Colonial Times 1607 -1775 1. From 1600 -1763, several European nations vied for control of the North American continent. Why did England win the struggle? (73) 2. In the seventeenth century, New England Puritans tried to create a model society. What were their aspirations, and to what extent were those aspirations fulfilled during the seventeenth century? (83) 3. In the two decades before the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, thereRead More Is violence the answer? the black panther party Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pages Is Violence the Answer?: The Black Panther Party nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Organized in the 1960s at the height of the American Civil Rights Movement, the Black Panther Party emerged as a revolutionist group pioneering a strategy of militancy. The Party’s aims were to eliminate the discrimination challenging African-Americans in America since the time of slavery, and to protect their communities from police brutality. Inspired by contemporary radical leaders such as Malcolm X, the party recognized

The Host Chapter 31 Needed Free Essays

string(129) " and went to sit behind the desk he’d constructed out of wooden crates and an aluminum door, taking the dim lamp with him\." I froze and then looked quickly over my shoulder to see if someone was behind me. â€Å"Gladys was his wife,† Jamie whispered almost silently. â€Å"She didn’t escape. We will write a custom essay sample on The Host Chapter 31: Needed or any similar topic only for you Order Now † â€Å"Gladys,† Walter said to me, oblivious to my reaction. â€Å"Would you believe I went and got cancer? What are the odds, eh? Never took a sick day in my life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His voice faded out until I couldn’t hear it, but his lips continued to move. He was too weak to lift his hand; his fingers dragged themselves toward the edge of the cot, toward me. Ian nudged me forward. â€Å"What should I do?† I breathed. The sweat beading on my forehead had nothing to do with the humid heat. â€Å"†¦ grandfather lived to be a hundred and one,† Walter wheezed, audible again. â€Å"Nobody ever had cancer in my family, not even the cousins. Didn’t your aunt Regan have skin cancer, though?† He looked at me trustingly, waiting for an answer. Ian poked me in the back. â€Å"Um†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I mumbled. â€Å"Maybe that was Bill’s aunt,† Walter allowed. I shot a panicked glance at Ian, who shrugged. â€Å"Help,† I mouthed at him. He motioned for me to take Walter’s searching fingers. Walter’s skin was chalk white and translucent. I could see the faint pulse of blood in the blue veins on the back of his hand. I lifted his hand gingerly, worried about the slender bones that Jamie had said were so brittle. It felt too light, as if it were hollow. â€Å"Ah, Gladdie, it’s been hard without you. It’s a nice place here; you’ll like it, even when I’m gone. Plenty of people to talk to-I know how you need to have your conversation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The volume of his voice sank until I couldn’t make out the words anymore, but his lips still shaped the words he wanted to share with his wife. His mouth kept moving, even when his eyes closed and his head lolled to the side. Ian found a wet cloth and began wiping Walter’s shining face. â€Å"I’m not good at†¦ at deception,† I whispered, watching Walter’s mumbling lips to make sure he wasn’t listening to me. â€Å"I don’t want to upset him.† â€Å"You don’t have to say anything,† Ian reassured me. â€Å"He’s not lucid enough to care.† â€Å"Do I look like her?† â€Å"Not a bit-I’ve seen her picture. Stocky redhead.† â€Å"Here, let me do that.† Ian gave me the rag, and I cleaned the sweat off Walter’s neck. Busy hands always made me feel more comfortable. Walter continued to mumble. I thought I heard him say, â€Å"Thanks, Gladdie, that’s nice.† I didn’t notice that Doc’s snores had stopped. His familiar voice was suddenly there behind me, too gentle to startle. â€Å"How is he?† â€Å"Delusional,† Ian whispered. â€Å"Is that the brandy or the pain?† â€Å"More the pain, I would think. I’d trade my right arm for some morphine.† â€Å"Maybe Jared will produce another miracle,† Ian suggested. â€Å"Maybe,† Doc sighed. I wiped absently at Walter’s pallid face, listening more intently now, but they didn’t speak of Jared again. Not here, Melanie whispered. Looking for help for Walter, I agreed. Alone, she added. I thought about the last time I’d seen him-the kiss, the belief†¦ He probably wanted some time to himself. I hope he isn’t out there convincing himself that you’re a very talented actress-slash-Seeker again†¦ That’s possible, of course. Melanie groaned silently. Ian and Doc murmured in quiet voices about inconsequential things, mostly Ian catching Doc up on what was going on in the caves. â€Å"What happened to Wanda’s face?† Doc whispered, but I could still hear him easily. â€Å"More of the same,† Ian said in a tight voice. Doc made an unhappy noise under his breath and then clicked his tongue. Ian told him a bit about tonight’s awkward class, about Geoffrey’s questions. â€Å"It would have been convenient if Melanie had been possessed by a Healer,† Doc mused. I flinched, but they were behind me and probably didn’t notice. â€Å"We’re lucky it was Wanda,† Ian murmured in my defense. â€Å"No one else -â€Å" â€Å"I know,† Doc interrupted, good-natured as always. â€Å"I guess I should say, it’s too bad Wanda didn’t have more of an interest in medicine.† â€Å"I’m sorry,† I murmured. I was careless to reap the benefits of perfect health without ever being curious about the cause. A hand touched my shoulder. â€Å"You have nothing to apologize for,† Ian said. Jamie was being very quiet. I looked around and saw that he was curled up on the cot where Doc had been napping. â€Å"It’s late,† Doc noted. â€Å"Walter’s not going anywhere tonight. You should get some sleep.† â€Å"We’ll be back,† Ian promised. â€Å"Let us know what we can bring, for either of you.† I laid Walter’s hand down, patting it cautiously. His eyes snapped open, focusing with more awareness than before. â€Å"Are you leaving?† he wheezed. â€Å"Do you have to go so soon?† I took his hand again quickly. â€Å"No, I don’t have to leave.† He smiled and closed his eyes again. His fingers locked around mine with brittle strength. Ian sighed. â€Å"You can go,† I told him. â€Å"I don’t mind. Take Jamie back to his bed.† Ian glanced around the room. â€Å"Hold on a sec,† he said, and then he grabbed the cot closest to him. It wasn’t heavy-he lifted it easily and slid it into place next to Walter’s. I stretched my arm to the limit, trying not to jostle Walter, so that Ian could arrange the cot under it. Then he grabbed me up just as easily and set me on the cot beside Walter. Walter’s eyes never fluttered. I gasped quietly, caught off guard by the casual way Ian was able to put his hands on me-as though I were human. Ian jerked his chin toward Walter’s hand clasped around mine. â€Å"Do you think you can sleep like that?† â€Å"Yes, I’m sure I can.† â€Å"Sleep well, then.† He smiled at me, then turned and lifted Jamie from the other cot. â€Å"Let’s go, kid,† he muttered, carrying the boy with no more effort than if he were an infant. Ian’s quiet footsteps faded into the distance until I couldn’t hear them anymore. Doc yawned and went to sit behind the desk he’d constructed out of wooden crates and an aluminum door, taking the dim lamp with him. You read "The Host Chapter 31: Needed" in category "Essay examples" Walter’s face was too dark to see, and that made me nervous. It was like he was already gone. I took comfort in his fingers, still curled stiffly around mine. Doc began to shuffle through some papers, humming almost inaudibly to himself. I drifted off to the sound of the gentle rustling. Walter recognized me in the morning. He didn’t wake until Ian showed up to escort me back; the cornfield was due to be cleared of the old stalks. I promised Doc I would bring him breakfast before I got to work. The very last thing I did was to carefully loosen my numb fingers, freeing them from Walter’s grasp. His eyes opened. â€Å"Wanda,† he whispered. â€Å"Walter?† I wasn’t sure how long he would know me, or if he would remember last night. His hand clutched at the empty air, so I gave him my left, the one that wasn’t dead. â€Å"You came to see me. That was nice. I know†¦ with the others back†¦ must be hard†¦ for you†¦ Your face†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He seemed to be having a difficult time making his lips form the words, and his eyes went in and out of focus. How like him, that his first words to me would be full of concern. â€Å"Everything’s fine, Walter. How are you feeling?† â€Å"Ah -† He groaned quietly. â€Å"Not so†¦ Doc?† â€Å"Right here,† Doc murmured, close behind me. â€Å"Got any more liquor?† he gasped. â€Å"Of course.† Doc was already prepared. He held the mouth of a thick glass bottle to Walter’s slack lips and carefully poured the dark brown liquid in slow drips into his mouth. Walter winced as each sip burned down his throat. Some of it trickled out the side of his mouth and onto his pillow. The smell stung my nose. â€Å"Better?† Doc asked after a long moment of slow pouring. Walter grunted. It didn’t sound like assent. His eyes closed. â€Å"More?† Doc asked. Walter grimaced and then moaned. Doc cursed under his breath. â€Å"Where’s Jared?† he muttered. I stiffened at the name. Melanie stirred and then drifted again. Walter’s face sagged. His head rolled back on his neck. â€Å"Walter?† I whispered. â€Å"The pain’s too much for him to stay conscious. Let him be,† Doc said. My throat felt swollen. â€Å"What can I do?† Doc’s voice was desolate. â€Å"About as much as I can. Which is nothing. I’m useless.† â€Å"Don’t be like that, Doc,† I heard Ian murmur. â€Å"This isn’t your fault. The world doesn’t work the way it used to. No one expects more of you.† My shoulders hunched inward. No, their world didn’t work the same way anymore. A finger tapped my arm. â€Å"Let’s go,† Ian whispered. I nodded and started to pull my hand free again. Walter’s eyes rolled open, unseeing. â€Å"Gladdie? Are you here?† he implored. â€Å"Um†¦ I’m here,† I said uncertainly, letting his fingers lock around mine. Ian shrugged. â€Å"I’ll get you both some food,† he whispered, and then he left. I waited anxiously for him to return, unnerved by Walter’s misconception. Walter murmured Gladys’s name over and over, but he didn’t seem to need anything from me, for which I was grateful. After a while, half an hour maybe, I began listening for Ian’s footsteps in the tunnel, wondering what could be taking him so long. Doc stood by his desk the whole time, staring into nothing with his shoulders slumped. It was easy to see how useless he felt. And then I did hear something, but it wasn’t footsteps. â€Å"What is that?† I asked Doc in a whisper; Walter was quiet again, maybe unconscious. I didn’t want to disturb him. Doc turned to look at me, cocking his head to the side at the same time to listen. The noise was a funny thrumming, a fast, soft beat. I thought I heard it get just a little louder, but then it seemed quieter again. â€Å"That’s weird,† Doc said. â€Å"It almost sounds like†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He paused, his forehead furrowing in concentration as the unfamiliar sound faded. We were listening intently, so we heard the footsteps when they were still far away. They did not match the expected, even pace of Ian’s return. He was running-no, sprinting. Doc reacted immediately to the sound of trouble. He jogged quickly out to meet Ian. I wished I could see what was wrong, too, but I didn’t want to upset Walter by trying to free my hand again. I listened hard instead. â€Å"Brandt?† I heard Doc say in surprise. â€Å"Where is it? Where is it?† the other man demanded breathlessly. The running footsteps only paused for a second, then started up again, not quite as fast. â€Å"What are you talking about?† Doc asked, calling back this way. â€Å"The parasite!† Brandt hissed impatiently, anxiously, as he burst through the arched entry. Brandt was not a big man like Kyle or Ian; he was probably only a few inches taller than me, but he was thick and solid as a rhinoceros. His eyes swept the room; his piercing gaze focused on my face for half a second, then took in Walter’s oblivious form, and then raced around the room only to end up on me again. Doc caught up with Brandt then, his long fingers gripping Brandt’s shoulder just as the broader man took the first step in my direction. â€Å"What are you doing?† Doc asked, his voice the closest to a growl I’d ever heard it. Before Brandt answered, the odd sound returned, going from soft to screaming loud to soft again with a suddenness that had us all frozen. The beats thudded right on top of one another, shaking the air when they were at their loudest. â€Å"Is that-is that a helicopter?† Doc asked, whispering. â€Å"Yes,† Brandt whispered back. â€Å"It’s the Seeker-the one from before, the one who was looking for it.† He jerked his chin at me. My throat was suddenly too small-the breaths moving through it were thin and shallow, not enough. I felt dizzy. No. Not now. Please. What is her problem? Mel snarled in my head. Why can’t she leave us alone? We can’t let her hurt them! But how do we stop her? I don’t know. This is all my fault! Mine, too, Wanda. Ours. â€Å"Are you sure?† Doc asked. â€Å"Kyle got a clear view through the binoculars while it was hovering. Same one he saw before.† â€Å"Is it looking here?† Doc’s voice was suddenly horrified. He half spun, eyes flashing toward the exit. â€Å"Where’s Sharon?† Brandt shook his head. â€Å"It’s just running sweeps. Starts at Picacho, then fans out in spokes. Doesn’t look like it’s focusing on anything close. Circled around a few times where we dumped the car.† â€Å"Sharon?† Doc asked again. â€Å"She’s with the kids and Lucina. They’re fine. The boys are getting things packed in case we have to roll tonight, but Jeb says it’s not likely.† Doc exhaled, then paced over to his desk. He slouched against it, looking as if he’d just run a long race. â€Å"So it’s nothing new, really,† he murmured. â€Å"Naw. Just have to lay low for a few days,† Brandt reassured him. His eyes were flickering around the room again, settling on me every other second. â€Å"Do you have any rope handy?† he asked. He pulled up the edge of the sheet on an empty cot, examining it. â€Å"Rope?† Doc echoed blankly. â€Å"For the parasite. Kyle sent me out here to secure it.† My muscles contracted involuntarily; my hand gripped Walter’s fingers too tightly, and he whimpered. I tried to force it to relax while I kept my eyes on Brandt’s hard face. He was waiting for Doc, expectant. â€Å"You’re here to secure Wanda?† Doc said, his voice hard again. â€Å"And what makes you think that’s necessary?† â€Å"Come on, Doc. Don’t be stupid. You’ve got some big vents in here, and a lot of reflective metal.† Brandt gestured to a file cabinet against the far wall. â€Å"You let your attention wander for half a minute, and it’ll be flashing signals to that Seeker.† I sucked in a shocked breath; it was loud in the still room. â€Å"See?† Brandt said. â€Å"Guessed its plan in one.† I wanted to bury myself under a boulder to hide from the bulging, relentless eyes of my Seeker, yet he imagined I wanted to guide her in. Bring her here to kill Jamie, Jared, Jeb, Ian†¦ I felt like gagging. â€Å"You can go, Brandt,† Doc said in an icy tone. â€Å"I will keep an eye on Wanda.† Brandt raised one eyebrow. â€Å"What happened to you guys? To you and Ian and Trudy and the rest? It’s like you’re all hypnotized. If your eyes weren’t right, I’d have to wonder†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Go ahead and wonder all you want, Brandt. But get out while you’re doing it.† Brandt shook his head. â€Å"I’ve got a job to do.† Doc walked toward Brandt, stopping when he was between Brandt and me. He folded his arms across his chest. â€Å"You’re not going to touch her.† The throbbing helicopter blades sounded in the distance. We were all very still, not breathing, until they faded. Brandt shook his head when it was quiet again. He didn’t speak; he just went to the desk and picked up Doc’s chair. He carried it to the wall by the file cabinet, slammed it to the ground, and then sat down hard, making the metal legs squeal against the stone. He leaned forward, his hands on his knees, and stared at me. A vulture waiting for a dying hare to stop moving. Doc’s jaw tightened, making a little popping noise. â€Å"Gladys,† Walter muttered, surfacing from his dazed sleep. â€Å"You’re here.† Too nervous to speak with Brandt watching, I just patted his hand. His clouded eyes searched my face, seeing features that weren’t there. â€Å"It hurts, Gladdie. It hurts a lot.† â€Å"I know,† I whispered. â€Å"Doc?† He was already there, the brandy in hand. â€Å"Open up, Walter.† The sound of the helicopter thumped quietly, far away but still much too close. Doc flinched, and a few drops of brandy splattered on my arm. It was a horrible day. The worst of my life on this planet, even including my first day in the caves and the last hot, dry day in the desert, hours from death. The helicopter circled and circled. Sometimes more than an hour would pass, and I would think it was finally over. Then the sound would come back, and I would see the Seeker’s obstinate face in my head, her protruding eyes scouring the blank desert for some sign of humans. I tried to will her away, concentrating hard on my memories of the desert’s featureless, colorless plain, as if I could somehow make sure she saw nothing else, as if I could bore her into leaving. Brandt never took his suspicious stare off of me. I could always feel it, though I rarely looked at him. It got a little better when Ian came back with both breakfast and lunch. He was all dirty from packing in case of an evacuation-whatever that meant. Did they have anywhere to go? Ian scowled so hard he looked like Kyle when Brandt explained in clipped phrases why he was there. Then Ian dragged another empty cot beside mine, so that he could sit in Brandt’s line of sight and block his view. The helicopter, Brandt’s distrustful watch, these were not really so bad. On an ordinary day-if there was really such a thing anymore-either one of these might have seemed agonizing. Today, they were nothing. By noon, Doc had given Walter the last of the brandy. It seemed like only minutes later that Walter was writhing, moaning, and gasping for breath. His fingers bruised and chafed mine, but if I ever pulled away, his moans turned to shrill screams. I ducked out once to use the latrine; Brandt followed me, which made Ian feel like he had to come, too. By the time we got back-after nearly running the whole way-Walter’s screams no longer sounded human. Doc’s face was hollow with echoed agony. Walter quieted after I spoke to him for a moment, letting him think his wife was near. It was an easy lie, a kind one. Brandt made little noises of irritation, but I knew that he was wrong to be upset. Nothing mattered beside Walter’s pain. The whimpers and the writhing continued, though, and Brandt paced back and forth at the other end of the room, trying to be as far from the sound as possible. Jamie came looking for me, bringing food enough for four, when the light was growing orangey overhead. I wouldn’t let him stay; I made Ian take him back to the kitchen to eat, made Ian promise to watch him all night so he wouldn’t sneak back here. Walter couldn’t help shrieking when his twisting moved his broken leg, and the sound of it was nearly unbearable. Jamie shouldn’t have this night burned into his memory the way it would surely be burned into Doc’s and mine. Perhaps Brandt’s as well, though he did what he could to ignore Walter, plugging his ears and humming a dissonant tune. Doc did not try to distance himself from Walter’s hideous suffering; instead, he suffered with him. Walter’s cries carved deep lines in Doc’s face, like claws raking his skin. It was strange to see such depths of compassion in a human, particularly Doc. I couldn’t look at him the same way after watching him live Walter’s pain. So great was his compassion, he seemed to bleed internally with it. As I watched, it became impossible to believe that Doc was a cruel person; the man simply could not be a torturer. I tried to remember what had been said to found my conjectures-had anyone made the accusation outright? I didn’t think so. I must have jumped to false conclusions in my terror. I doubted I could ever mistrust Doc again after this nightmarish day. However, I would always find his hospital a horrible place. When the last of the daylight disappeared, so did the helicopter. We sat in the darkness, not daring to turn on even the dim blue light. It took a few hours before any of us would believe the hunt was over. Brandt was the first to accept it; he’d had enough of the hospital, too. â€Å"Makes sense for it to give up,† he muttered, edging out the exit. â€Å"Nothing to see at night. I’ll just take your light with me, Doc, so that Jeb’s pet parasite can’t get up to anything, and be on my way.† Doc didn’t respond, didn’t even look at the sullen man as he left. â€Å"Make it stop, Gladdie, make it stop!† Walter begged me. I wiped the sweat from his face while he crushed my hand. Time seemed to slow down and stop; the black night felt unending. Walter’s screams got more and more frequent, more and more excruciating. Melanie was far away, knowing she could do nothing useful. I would have hidden, too, if Walter hadn’t needed me. I was all alone in my head-exactly what I had once wanted. It made me feel lost. Eventually, a dim gray light started to creep in through the high vents overhead. I was hovering on the edge of sleep, Walter’s moans and screams keeping me from sinking under. I could hear Doc snoring behind me. I was glad that he’d been able to escape for a little while. I didn’t hear Jared come in. I was mumbling weak assurances, barely coherent, trying to calm Walter. â€Å"I’m here, I’m here,† I murmured as he cried out his wife’s name. â€Å"Shh, it’s okay.† The words were meaningless. It was something to say, though, and it did seem that my voice calmed the worst of his cries. I don’t know how long Jared watched me with Walter before I realized he was there. It must have been a while. I was sure his first reaction would be anger, but when I heard him speak, his voice was cool. â€Å"Doc,† he said, and I heard the cot behind me shake. â€Å"Doc, wake up.† I jerked my hand free, whirling, disoriented, to see the face that went with the unmistakable voice. His eyes were on me as he shook the sleeping man’s shoulder. They were impossible to read in the dim light. His face had no expression at all. Melanie jolted into awareness. She pored over his features, trying to read the thoughts behind the mask. â€Å"Gladdie! Don’t leave! Don’t!† Walter’s screech had Doc bolting upright, nearly capsizing his cot. I spun back to Walter, shoving my sore hand into his searching fingers. â€Å"Shhh, shhh! Walter, I’m here. I won’t leave. I won’t, I promise.† He quieted down, whimpering like a small child. I wiped the damp cloth over his forehead; his sob hitched and turned into a sigh. â€Å"What’s that about?† Jared murmured behind me. â€Å"She’s the best painkiller I’ve been able to find,† Doc said wearily. â€Å"Well, I’ve found you something better than a tame Seeker.† My stomach knotted, and Melanie hissed in my head. So stupidly, blindly stubborn! she growled. He wouldn’t believe you if you told him the sun sets in the west. But Doc was beyond caring about the slight to me. â€Å"You found something!† â€Å"Morphine-there’s not much. I would have gotten here sooner if the Seeker hadn’t pinned me down out there.† Doc was instantly in action. I heard him rustling through something papery, and he crowed in delight. â€Å"Jared, you’re the miracle man!† â€Å"Doc, just a sec†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But Doc was at my side already, his haggard face alight with anticipation. His hands were busy with a small syringe. He stuck the tiny needle into the crease at Walter’s elbow, on the arm that was attached to me. I turned my face away. It seemed so horribly invasive to stab something through his skin. I couldn’t argue with the results, though. Within half a minute, Walter’s entire body relaxed, melting into a pile of loose flesh against the thin mattress. His breathing went from harsh and urgent to whispery and even. His hand relaxed, freeing mine. I massaged my left hand with my right, trying to bring the blood back to my fingertips. Little prickles followed the flow of blood under my skin. â€Å"Uh, Doc, there really isn’t enough for that,† Jared murmured. I looked up from Walter’s face, peaceful at last. Jared had his back to me, but I could see the surprise in Doc’s expression. â€Å"Enough for what? I’m not going to save this for a rainy day, Jared. I’m sure we’ll wish we had it again, and too soon, but I’m not going to let Walter scream in agony while I have a way to help him!† â€Å"That’s not what I meant,† Jared said. He spoke the way he did when he’d already thought about something long and hard. Slow and even, like Walter’s breath. Doc frowned, confused. â€Å"There’s enough to stop the pain for maybe three or four days, that’s all,† Jared said. â€Å"If you give it to him in doses.† I didn’t understand what Jared was saying, but Doc did. â€Å"Ah,† he sighed. He turned to look at Walter again, and I saw a rim of fresh tears start to pool above his lower lids. He opened his mouth to speak, but nothing came out. I wanted to know what they were talking about, but Jared’s presence made me silent, brought back the reserve I rarely felt the need for anymore. â€Å"You can’t save him. You can only save him pain, Doc.† â€Å"I know,† Doc said. His voice broke, like he was holding back a sob. â€Å"You’re right.† What’s going on? I asked. As long as Melanie was going to be around, I might as well make use of her. They’re going to kill Walter, she told me matter-of-factly. There’s enough morphine to give him an overdose. My gasp sounded loud in the quiet room, but it was really just a breath. I didn’t look up to see how the two healthy men would react. My own tears pooled as I leaned over Walter’s pillow. No, I thought, no. Not yet. No. You’d rather he died screaming? I just†¦ I can’t stand the†¦ finality. It’s so absolute. I’ll never see my friend again. How many of your other friends have you gone back to visit, Wanderer? I’ve never had friends like this before. My friends on other planets were all blurred together in my head; the souls were so similar, almost interchangeable in some ways. Walter was distinctly himself. When he was gone, there would be no one who could fill his place. I cradled Walter’s head in my arms and let my tears fall onto his skin. I tried to stifle my crying, but it made its way out regardless, a keening rather than sobs. I know. Another first, Melanie whispered, and there was compassion in her tone. Compassion for me-that was a first, too. â€Å"Wanda?† Doc asked. I just shook my head, not able to answer. â€Å"I think you’ve been here too long,† he said. I felt his hand, light and warm, on my shoulder. â€Å"You should take a break.† I shook my head again, still keening softly. â€Å"You’re worn out,† he said. â€Å"Go clean up, stretch your legs. Eat something.† I glared up at him. â€Å"Will Walter be here when I get back?† I mumbled through my tears. His eyes tightened anxiously. â€Å"Do you want that?† â€Å"I’d like a chance to say goodbye. He’s my friend.† He patted my arm. â€Å"I know, Wanda, I know. Me, too. I’m in no hurry. You get some air and then come back. Walter will be sleeping for a while.† I read his worn face, and I believed the sincerity there. I nodded and carefully put Walter’s head back on the pillow. Maybe if I got away from this place for a little bit, I’d find a way to handle this. I wasn’t sure how-I had no experience with real goodbyes. Because I was in love with him, no matter that it was unwilling, I had to look at Jared before I left. Mel wanted this, too, but wished that she could somehow exclude me from the process. He was staring at me. I had a feeling his eyes had been on me for a long time. His face was carefully composed, but there was surprise and suspicion in there again. It made me tired. What would be the point of acting out a charade now, even if I were that talented a liar? Walter would never stand up for me again. I couldn’t sucker him anymore. I met Jared’s gaze for one long second, then turned to hurry down the pitch-black corridor that was brighter than his expression. How to cite The Host Chapter 31: Needed, Essay examples

The two linguistic concepts of Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky

Both Ferdinand de Saussure contribute their popular theories on linguistics. The research centres on the popular linguistic theories of Ferdinand de Saussure. The research includes research on the similarly popular linguistic concepts of Noam Chomsky. The two linguistic concepts of Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky complement each other to explain how humans communicate with one another.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The two linguistic concepts of Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Linguistic pertains to both language and communication. Douglas Robinson (2003, p. 26) emphasized â€Å"Linguistics is the study of language: even etymologically this is an obvious fact. In the twentieth century, however, the term came to signify a single fairly narrow approach to language and to exclude everything else of interest that might theoretically be included within it. Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky were linguists. Emile Benveniste was a linguist; Jacques Derrida was not.† The quote clearly shows that some quarters have devoted much of their time and effort to study how the language of one community evolved. The linguists have focused much of their time to understanding language growth. Ferdinand de Saussure. Ferdinand de Saussure emphasized that both language and speech are both composed of a system of signs (Saussaure, 2011, p. 17). The language and speech both precipitated from the social environment. Ferdinand de Saussure also insisted that language was not an innate act. Ferdinand de Saussure theorized that the person’s language and speech are learned while the person is interacting with other persons and influences. Language learning is biological in nature (Andenson Lightfoot, 2002, p. 3). For example, the Japanese person learned to speak the Japanese language while growing up in a Japanese community. Likewise, the British Child l earned United Kingdom English from conversing with one’s relatives and friends. The Arab child could speak fluent Arabic because the Arab person had grown up in a community where Arabic is the official language. In addition, the Chinese child will learn the Chinese language from his close relatives and friends. In terms of signs, Ferdinand de Saussure emphasize that different individuals have different signs for an object. For example, the Japanese have a different Japanese word for a tree. Similarly, the Chinese have a different word for the same tree. The German child has a different sign or word for the same universal tree (Kistner, 2008, p. 3).Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Further, Ferdinand de Saussure insists that linguistics is a co-dependent act. The person learns the meaning of signs by conversing with another person. For example, the Japanese person will inform t he British citizen the Japanese word for a car. Likewise, the Chinese person will inform the British visitor the Chinese word for a car. The Egyptian resident will teach the British visitor the Egyptian word for a car. The example indicates that British visitor learns the different words for a car by conversing with the individuals from different countries (Saussaure, 2011, p. 20). Furthermore, Ferdinand de Saussure insists that language and speech is a learned language. The child first learns the alphabet. After learning the alphabet, the child learns to read words by joining two or more letters. After the child learns to read words, the child learns to read sentences. The child learns to identify an object by a word. For example, the child learns that the picture of an apple should be written â€Å"apple†. The child learns that the picture of a bus should be written as â€Å"bus†. In addition, Ferdinand de Saussure also teaches that people learn to obey instructions through learning. The child learns the word â€Å"stop† means the child should halt actions that are meant to be stopped. The child also learns that the word â€Å"sleep† means that the child should go to his or her room to go to sleep. The child learns the word â€Å"eat† means that the child must gobble a morsel of food. The example clearly shows that Ferdinand de Saussure was right in emphasizing that language is learned, not inherited (Saussaure, 2011, p. 20). Likewise, Ferdinand de Saussure insists that linguistics includes professionals learning their trade by studying. The engineers must pass the licensure exam for engineers. The lawyers must pass the licensure exam for lawyers. No one can pass the engineering board exams without first enrolling in an engineering course. Further, Ferdinand de Saussure emphasized that linguistics includes a body of special knowledge. The engineers have their own set of engineering technical language. The doctors will be at a lost if they listen to engineers talking about the topic â€Å"strength of building materials†. In the same light, the engineers will be confused when they hear medical doctors talking about â€Å"surgical terminologies†. The engineers will not understand the doctors when they speak about the different parts of the human body. The engineers do not have an idea as to where the body’s â€Å"posterior† part is.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The two linguistic concepts of Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The lawyers also have their own set of linguistics jargons. The lawyers speak in terms of legal terminologies like â€Å"rejoinder†. The medical doctor will be confused when the lawyer talks about the word â€Å"respondent† in a conversation with another lawyer. Ferdinand de Saussure is right is stating that language is a learned a ffair, not an inherited one (Saussaure, 2011, p. 20). In the same light, Ferdinand de Saussure reiterates that the pronunciation of words influenced by the linguistic sense of the speakers (Harris Taylor,1997, p. 182). The British English sound for the word â€Å"government† is different from the American pronunciation of the same word. The Chinese person will pronounce the same word â€Å"government† using the Chinese intonation. The Japanese individual will definitely use Japanese influence in pronouncing the same word â€Å"government†. Ferdinand de Saussure was right in stating the each individual adopts’ one’s cultural background in pronouncing the same word. Further, Ferdinand de Saussure is right in stating that different cultures influence how a sentence is done. Language is the key ingredient to understanding teh human thought process (De Beaugrande, 1991, p. 124).Eating with chopticks in China is a normal linguistic message. Language is a social contract among the members of the community (De Saussure, 1959, p. 14). Eating with spoons and forks is linguistically okay in another country. In Canada, people do not use spoons and forks to eat their food, another linguistic situation. In some countries, people customarily eat with their bare hands. Ferdinand de Saussure shows that each group has its own linguistic interpretation of how proper eating should be done (Saussaure, 2011, p. 8). However, Ferdinand de Saussure does not explain how two strangers can communicate with each other. A visiting Japanese visitor cannot understand the British language. However, the Japanese visitor can use utterances to indicate to the British person that the Japanese is angry at the British person. In addition, the German visitor cannot understand the British language. However, the German male bachelor can smile at the beautiful British girl who is passing by the world famous London Clock. The girl will understand the smile to mean the German visitor is interested in the girl. The girl may respond favourably or unfavourably to the German visitor’s overtures favourably. In terms of favourable terms, the British girl may smile back to the German visitor. The response will surely encourage the German visitor to move closer to the British girl and get to know her better. On the other hand, an unfavourable response may include not noticing the German visitor.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This way, the girl sends a message to the German visitor that she is not interested in the German visitor’s overtures. In turn, the German visitor may not give up on his love interest, the British girl. The German visitor may give the British girl a lovely rose to show that he is serious in his overtures. The British girl may accept the rose or reject the rose. Again, there are sign language words passed from the girl to the German visitor. In the same manner, there are sign language words passed from the German visitor to the British girl. Ferdinand de Saussure did not include this type of language, the innate universal grammar language, in his theories. The innate universal grammar language is espoused by Noam Chomsky in the next paragraphs. NOAH CHOMSKY. Geoffrey Huck (1996, p. 5) theorised Noam Chomsky believes that language is innate. Noam Chomsky believes that each child is born with a universal language, an infinite number of grammar sentences (Chapman Routledge, 2005 , p. 130). For example, the baby will cry if he or she is hungry. The child will laugh if he or she is happy. Noam Chomsky is correct in this way. The Japanese child will cry when hurt. The Chinese child will cry when it is hungry. The Arabian child will cry when he is in pain. The British child will cry when is hungry. The Eskimo’s child will cry when in pain. Clearly, Noam Chomsky is right in emphasizing that each child has an innate language which can be understood by different persons from any part of the world. Noam Chomsky explains that humans are like animals, having an innate language. Language is a system of rules (Joseph, Love, Taylor, 2001, p. 122). During the dinosaur age, the human beings learned to communicate with one another. The humans of that prehistoric age learned that showing an angry face will stop the other person from pestering the angry person. The facial expression of the person is enough to convey a message that the person is angry. In turn, the ot her person will stop what one is doing in order to avoid having a fight or disagreement with the angry person. Just like animals, Noam Chomsky states that humans show through sign language their true feelings. The person can use hand signals to ask the other person to come closer. The person can also use the hand signals â€Å" a stop sign† to indicate to the approaching person to stop walking towards the person making the stop sign. Noam Chomsky calls this language learning activity as Language Acquisition Device (Huck, 1996, p. 13). No one can question Noam Chomsky’s theory that sign language is a universal language among the people around the world. For example, one person shouting unfamiliar words to a complete stranger gives a message to the other person that the shouting person is trying to convey a message to the other person. The next step is for the two persons to communicate in a more vivid manner. The second person can give a sign language asking the shoutin g person to clarify his message (Huck, 1996, p. 12). However, Noam Chomsky’s theory is not 100 percent accurate. There is a slight probability that the sign language in one community may be different from the sign language from another community. For example, a complete stranger smiling to a beautiful girl may infuriate the girl’s husband, a person belonging to a conservative society. The girl’s husband mistakes the smiling as flirting with his wife. The jealous husband will either hide his wife from the eyes of the stranger or confront the stranger. A possible fight may occur when the girl’s husband confronts the stranger. The innocent stranger tries to pacify the girls’ husband by using his own body language techniques. One possible end to the body language exchange is a peaceful settlement between the girl’s husband and the stranger. The stranger may offer a gift to pacify the angry girl’s husband. The giving of a gift is another s ign language that the girl’s husband can easily understand (Huck, 1996, p. 23). Noam Chomsky proposes that each person has an innate set of transformational grammar words (Barsky, 1998, p. 174). People will understand the different and unfamiliar utterances because of their innate language. The strong person will push the weak person to indicate the strong person does not want the weak person beside him. In addition, the husband points his wife to the kitchen to indicate the husband is hungry. The wife will understand the husband’s sign language and start cooking the husband’s food. In addition, Noam Chomsky proves that the average person has an innate language. Noam Chomsky states that the growing child has the capacity to learn a new language. The child’s capacity to learn a new language is one of the child’s survival weapons. Children will adapt the new language to understand the world around the child (Barsky, 1998, p. 100). Further, the child must quickly learn the language of the parent in order to survive. The Japanese child has the capacity to learn the Japanese language in order to understand the vivid messages of the parents. The Chinese child has the capability to comprehend the Chinese language in order to understand the parent’s instructions. The British child has the ability to understand the British language in order to survive in the world. Noam Chomsky explains that the secret to the innate language is syntax. Noam Chomsky states that the children use syntax to learn the language of their parents quickly. The child uses the universal grammar approach effectively. Noam Chomsky insists that child’s use of universal grammar bridges the gap between linguistic stimuli of the child and rich linguistic language that the child learns from his or her parents or relatives (Barsky, 1996, p. 157). However, many individuals claim that Noam Chomsky is too discriminating. Noam Chomsky insists that all children use the universal grammar. The universal grammar is grounded on the English language. The syntaxes only concern the English language. This is understandable because Noam Chomsky’s native tongue is the English language. For example, Alastair Pennycook (2001, p. 46) insists â€Å"Since applied linguistics always has to do with language in some form, the development of a political vision of language must indeed form a backbone to critical applied linguistics. I have already alluded to a possible distinction between looking at the politics of language in terms of how forms of power affect language use.† Further, Noam Chomsky did not explain why different societies or countries have produced their own set of unique languages. Sarah Taub (2001, p. 8) proposes â€Å"As we have seen, iconic linguistic items are related to their meanings through physical resemblance. We should note, however, that there are many different possible iconic representations of a single visual or a uditory image; for example, one could represent different parts of the image or use different perspectives†. Applying the scientific process, Noam Chomsky should perform more experiments to validate his universal grammar claim. Noam Chomsky should visit Germany to study how each child learns the German language quickly. The other languages have their own sets of syntaxes that may not be in the same plane as the English language syntaxes. Based on the above discussion, Both Ferdinand de Saussure contribute their own versions of linguistics. The linguistic theories of Ferdinand de Saussure focus on learning as a prerequisite for understanding language. The linguistic concepts of Noam Chomsky focus on a child having innate universal language, using syntax grammar. Indeed, the two linguistic concepts of Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky complement each other discussing how individuals communicate with one another. References Andenson, S., Lightfoot, D. (2002). The Language Or gan: Linguistics as Cognitive  Physiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Barsky, R. (1998). Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent. London: University Press. Chapman, S., Routledge, C. (2005). Key Thinkers in Linguistics and the Philosophy  of Language. New York: Oxford University Press. De Beaugrande, R. (1991). Linguistic Theory: The Discourse of Fundamental Works. New York: Longman Press. De Saussure, F. (1959). Course in General Linguistics. New York: Columbia University Press. Harris, R., Taylor, T. (1997). Landmarks in Linguistics Thought I: The Western  Tradition from Socrates to Saussure. New York: Routledge Press. Huck, G. (1996). Ideology of Linguistic Theory: Noam Chomsky and Deep  Structure Debates. London: Routledge Press. Joseph, E., Love, N., Taylor, T. (2001). Landmarks in Linguistics Thought II: The  Western Tradition in the Twentieth Century. New York: Routledge Press. Kistner, M. (2008). Linguistic Sign Theories. London: Grin Press. Pennycook, A. (2001 ). Critical Applied Linguistics. London: Lawrence Erlabaum Press. Robinson, D. (2003). Performative Linguistics: Speaking and Translating as  Doing Things with Words. London: Routledge Press. Saussaure, F. (2011). Course in General Linguistics. London: University Press. Taub, S. (2001). Language from the Body: Iconicity in American Sign  Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This essay on The two linguistic concepts of Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky was written and submitted by user Gauge Burks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.